我国前两个月空气质量略有下降 成因有新解
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社会 2019-03-25 13:47:25 字数:841

生态环境部3月21日通报了2019年1—2月全国空气质量状况。全国337个地级及以上城市平均优良天数比例71.5%,同比下降2.9个百分点,其中,83个城市环境空气质量达标;PM2.5浓度为61微克/立方米,同比上升5.2%;PM10、二氧化氮和一氧化碳浓度同比持平,臭氧和二氧化硫浓度同比下降。总体空气质量略有下降。

其中,京津冀及周边地区平均优良天数比例仅35.8%,同比下降17.6个百分点;PM2.5浓度为108微克/立方米,同比上升24.1%。而北京市PM2.5浓度为53微克/立方米,同比上升26.2%。

为了能精准治霾,专家对空气污染“病根”进行了研究,发现京津冀及周边地区大气PM2.5化学特征发生显著变化。其中,有机物占比正在下降,PM2.5组分“黑名单”中,排第一位的是有机物。目前在测的有机物达100多种,主要来自散煤燃烧、机动车尾气等一次排放和挥发性有机物的二次转化,随着散煤燃烧等得到有效治理,有机物占比正在下降。

随着散煤“双替代”、燃煤锅炉和“散乱污”企业综合整治成效显著,使得硫酸盐浓度及占比大幅降低,但是硝酸盐污染十分突出,成为PM2.5中最主要的二次无机组分,其浓度快速上升已成为PM2.5爆发式增长的关键因素之一。氮氧化物会氧化成硝酸盐,而京津冀及周边地区,氮氧化物最重要的来源是机动车,占32%;非道路移动源即工程机械、农业机械、船舶和飞机等的排放占比17%,电力和供热行业排放占比17%,其他工业排放占20%。可以说,抓住重点领域、推进氮氧化物减排成为当务之急。

铵盐在PM2.5组分“黑名单”中排第四,中国农业大学教授刘学军说,铵盐主要由氨a气通过二次转化而来,其来源主要是农业氨排放,占比高达85%,其中畜禽养殖占57%,氮肥使用占20%。从时间分布上看,秋冬季氨排放量低,夏季排放量大。另外,秸秆焚烧等生物质燃烧、垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂等也有氨排放。

区域传输也加重了污染快速累积,从京津冀及周边地区来看,其全年平均“贡献”约为20%—30%。


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