【可行技术】页岩气压裂返排液处理技术
技术 2019-06-02 14:00:03 字数:4152

原标题:【可行技术】页岩气压裂返排液处理技术

水力压裂技术是页岩气开发的核心技术之一,广泛用于页岩储层的改造。根据国外统计,单口页岩气水平井压裂耗水量可达10000-30000 m3,压裂后返回约15-80%。这部分返排液,由于停留地层期间溶解地层物质等原因,往往含有较高量的矿化度(总溶解固体)、重金属、有机质等,部分甚至含有放射性物质等,已失去其原有功能。如果处置不当,可能会污染地表水源,引发环境事故。

在页岩气规模化开发的背景下,加强水资源的循环利用,研发经济有效的返排液处理回用技术,一方面可通过减少废水运输和处置降低企业生产运营成本,另一方面保护区域水资源和水环境,是实现企业利益和社会责任双赢的废水管理路线。

页岩气压裂返排液回用的主要技术障碍是化学添加剂(比如减阻剂、交联剂等)效果、化学结垢、微生物活动、地层伤害等。压裂液由于与地层接触,返排液中往往含有一系列影响回用的成分。一些油气公司、服务公司、和研究机构根据开发实际总结,提出了各自的回用水质标准和处理工艺。总的来说,关于水力压裂配液最低水质指标目前仍有争议,其主要争议来自于压裂液体系的不同。对于滑溜水体系,返排液中的氯离子、金属阳离子(如铁、钙、镁等)等对减阻剂效果存在影响,所采用减阻剂耐盐耐硬度能力的水平直接决定了一些配液水质要求;交联冻胶压裂由于胍胶交联要求配液中金属阳离子浓度更低,并且当采用硼酸盐做交联剂时还需要控制压裂液碱度。总之,返排液回用水质标准必须紧密结合生产中压裂液体系而定。

根据不同的返排液水质水量特点和回用配液需求,为用户提供6层级的水处理解决方案,以适应不同的处理目标。Marcellus页岩区的实践认为,井场现地处理回用情况下,一般需去除总悬浮颗粒,推荐沉淀溶液中钡和锶,然后按20%左右比例与淡水混合稀释配液即可满足压裂要求;在最终由于非技术原因无法回用的情况下,推荐撬装式设备组合建厂进行沉淀、软化、混凝、絮凝、脱盐等工艺流程,出水可达到外排标准。北美的工业实践表明,废水处理技术工艺是系统成熟的,返排液综合处理的关键在于根据处置目标(深井灌注、回用、或者外排)合理选择经济有效、占地面积小、可移动式、处理速度快的工艺流程和技术。

在页岩气压裂返排液处理技术方面,目前进入商业化阶段的包括:

1Halliburton公司开发的移动式CleanWaveTM水处理系统,采用水质调节-电絮凝工艺-精细过滤等流程,处理流量可达4 m3/min, 可去除99%的总悬浮固体和99%的总铁含量,适应总溶解固体含量在100-300000 mg/L的进水水质。与该公司CleanStreamTM紫外杀菌工艺设备联用,可形成页岩气压裂返排液处理回用的全套技术解决方案;

(2)美国Aqua-Pure公司NOMAD 2000设备,采用机械蒸汽再压缩蒸馏技术,循环利用原本废弃的蒸汽,节省了能源损耗,省去了冷却系统,相比常规蒸发技术成本低、占地小,是目前针对矿化度在40000 mg/L以上的返排液和产出水较常使用的脱盐工艺。与结晶器联用时,可基本实现废水零排放,并回收工业盐。采用同样技术的还有美国GE Water & Process, Aquatech等。

3)法国Veolia公司作为全球最顶尖的水处理技术提供商之一,针对页岩气压裂返排液处理可提供成系列的技术方案和设备:比如AutoFlot 技术可在5分钟内降低石油类至 20 mg/L以下;Multiflo高密度沉降技术可完成悬浮颗粒去除和化学软化,处理流量为1200 GPM (4.5 m3/min,出水硬度小于20mg/L,浊度小于10 NTU;OPUSTM主要面向矿化度在40000 mg/L以下的返排液和产出水进行脱盐处理等。

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